Quantitative estimation of 3-D fiber course in gross histological sections of the human brain using polarized light.

Series of polarized light images can be used to achieve quantitative estimates of the angles of inclination (z-direction) and direction (in xy-plane) of central nervous fibers in histological sections of the human brain. (1) The corpus callosum of a formalin-fixed human brain was sectioned at different angles of inclination of nerve fibers and at different thicknesses of the samples. The minimum, and maximum intensities, and their differences revealed a linear relationship to the angle of inclination of fibers. It was demonstrated that sections with a thickness of 80--120 microm are best suited for estimating the angle of inclination. (2) Afterwards the optic tracts of eight formalin-fixed human brains were sliced at different angles of fiber inclination at 100 microm. Measurements of intensity in 30 pixels in each section were used to calculate a linear function of calibration. The maximum intensities and the differences between maximum and minimum values measured with two polars only were best suited for estimation of fiber inclination. (3) Gross histological brain slices of formalin-fixed human brains were digitized under azimuths from 0 to 80 degrees using two polars only. These sequences were used to estimate the inclination of fibers (in z-direction). The same slices were digitized under azimuths from 0 to 160 degrees in steps of 20 degrees using a quarter wave plate additionally. These sequences were used to estimate the direction of the fibers in xy-direction. The method can be used to produce maps of fiber orientation in gross histological sections of the human brain similar to the fiber orientation maps derived by diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging.