Gene expression and protein distribution of the orexin-1 receptor in the rat brain and spinal cord.

Orexins-A and -B are neuropeptides derived from a single precursor prepro-orexin. The mature peptides are mainly expressed in the lateral hypothalamic and perifornical areas. The orexins have been implicated in the control of arousal and appear to be important messengers in the regulation of food intake. Two receptors for orexins have been characterised so far: orexin-1 and -2 receptors. To gain a further understanding of the biology of orexins, we studied the distribution of the orexin-1 receptor messenger RNA and protein in the rat nervous system. We first assessed the expression profile of the orexin-1 receptor gene (ox-r1) in different regions by using quantitative reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we investigated the distribution of orexin-1 receptor protein in the rat brain using a rabbit affinity-purified polyclonal antiserum raised against an N-terminal peptide. The orexin-1 receptor was widely and strongly expressed in the brain. Thus, immunosignals were observed in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, and various other subcortical nuclei in the hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain and reticular formation. In particular, robust immunosignals were present in many hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei, as well as in the locus coeruleus. The distribution of the receptor protein was generally in agreement with the distribution of the receptor messenger RNA in the brain as reported previously by others and confirmed in the present study. In addition, we present in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemical data showing the presence of orexin-1 receptor messenger RNA and protein in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia. Finally, due to the shared anatomical and functional similarities between orexins and melanin-concentrating hormone, we present a comparison between the neuroanatomical distribution of the orexin-1 receptor and melanin-concentrating hormone receptor protein-like immunoreactivities in the rat central nervous system, and discuss some functional implications. In conclusion, our neuroanatomical data are consistent with the biological effects of orexins on food intake and regulation of arousal. In addition, the data suggest other physiological roles for orexins mediated through the orexin-1 receptor.