Clinal variation of YAP+ Y-chromosome frequencies in Western Iberia.

The potential of Y-chromosome biallelic marker haplotypes to infer population affiliations and structures was exploited to analyze four populations from the southwestern edge of Europe, namely north, central, and south Portugal and Galicia. Three markers subdividing the YAP+ lineage were analyzed: the YAP Alu element insertion itself and the SRY8299 and sY81 base substitutions; these respectively define three haplotypes known as 4, 21, and 8. Only haplotype 21 was detected presenting an increasing north-to-south frequency gradient, from 9.6% (Galicia) to 24.5% (South Portugal). This clinal distribution most likely reflects the genetic input associated with the Neolithic spread of agriculture, but we cannot exclude other movements as potential contributors to the distribution. In this context, it is interesting to note the consistency between the clinal variation and the population movement associated with Islamic rule in Iberia. The absence of haplotype 8, a marker of sub-Saharan populations, suggests that, despite the massive introductions of African slaves in historical times, there was little admixture between the African males and Western Iberian populations.