Analytical aspects of the CEEM soil project.

In the past, exercises aiming at an assessment of data uncertainty in environmental analysis were usually restricted to the analysis step, while sampling and pre-analytical sample treatment was largely ignored. Collaborative studies on the quantification of sampling errors require, besides a suitable and well characterized test site, the availability of a reference laboratory for the analysis of all of the samples taken in the context of the study by all participants and also test methods which do not contribute large and variable uncertainties due to long and complex analytical methodologies. Here we summarize the major analytical aspects of a European project on the identification and quantification of sampling influences on the determination of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in soil. The participant group included the leading soil analysis laboratories in Europe; the test site at Dornach (CH) was well suited for the purpose and showed high metal gradients and differentiated land use. The analytical methods (wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and solid-state Zeeman AAS) used in the study showed stable performance characteristics within the confidence interval of the certified reference materials used for the measurement quality control over the entire project period. Additionally, double-blind tests on split samples showed agreement of data in very narrow limits thus demonstrating the reliability of the reference database.