Quantitative genetic models for the balance between migration and stabilizing selection.

The evolution of a quantitative trait subject to stabilizing selection and immigration, with the immigrants deviating from the local optimum, is considered under a number of different models of the underlying genetic basis of the trait. By comparing exact predictions under the infinitesimal model obtained using numerical methods with predictions of a simplified approximate model based on ignoring linkage disequilibrium, the increase in the expressed genetic variance as a result of linkage disequilibrium generated by migration is shown to be relatively small and negligible, provided that the genetic variance relative to the squared deviation of immigrants from the local optimum is sufficiently large or selection and migration is sufficiently weak. Deviation from normality is shown to be less important by comparing predictions of the infinitesimal model with a model presupposing normality. For a more realistic symmetric model, involving a finite number of loci only, no linkage and equal effects and frequencies across loci, additional changes in the genetic variance arise as a result of changes in underlying allele frequencies. Again, provided that the genetic variance relative to the squared deviation of the immigrants from the local optimum is small, the difference between the predictions of infinitesimal and the symmetric model are small unless the number of loci is very small. However, if the genetic variance relative to the squared deviation of the immigrants from the local optimum is large, or if selection and migration are strong, both linkage disequilibrium and changes in the genetic variance as a result of changes in underlying allele frequencies become important.