Bioavailability of flavonoids and potential bioactive forms in vivo.

Flavonoids are powerful antioxidants in vitro, but their overall functions in vivo have yet to be clarified, whether antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, enzyme inhibitor or inducer, or some other role. The reducing properties of flavonoids might also contribute to redox regulation in cells independently of their antioxidant properties. However, in order to understand their bioactivity in vivo, it is necessary to understand the factors influencing the absorption of flavonoids by the gastrointestinal tract, the nature of the conjugates and metabolites in the circulation and how this influences their antioxidant activities.