Voltage-sensitive dye mapping of activation and conduction in adult mouse hearts.

A custom-made apparatus based on a charge-coupled-device camera has been used to monitor changes in fluorescence from Langendorff-perfused adult mouse hearts stained with a voltage-sensitive dye, di-4-ANEPPS. With this approach it is possible to monitor activation of the ventricles at high temporal (375 micros/frame) and spatial resolution (72 x 78 pixels, 100 x 100 microm/pixel). In sinus rhythm, activation occurred with a complicated breakthrough pattern on both ventricles, and a total activation time of 3.51+/-0.16 ms (32 degrees C). A stimulus applied near the apex of the left ventricle resulted in a single activation wave front with a total activation time of 8.18+/-0.25 ms. Pacing from a site near the middle of the left ventricular epicardial surface revealed anisotropic conduction, indicating that conduction occurs preferentially in the direction of the predominant fiber orientation. The total activation time in this configuration was 5.44+/-0.24 ms. The difference in total activation time between sinus rhythm and epicardial stimulation suggests an important role for transmural conduction (the Purkinje system) in the mouse heart. These findings provide much of the necessary background needed for studying conduction abnormalities in genetically altered mice and suggest that the comparison of sinus rhythm and epicardial pacing can be used to reveal transmural conduction abnormalities.