BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated that the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) increased in relation to the number of pathogens (the "pathogen burden") in a cross-sectional study. In the present prospective study with a different patient cohort, we evaluated the effect of pathogen burden on the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) or death among CAD patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), HSV type 2 (HSV2), Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were tested in baseline blood samples from 890 patients who had significant CAD on angiography. The mean follow-up period was 3 years. The baseline prevalence of antibodies directed against CMV, HAV, HSV1, or HSV2, but not C pneumoniae and H pylori, was significantly higher among patients who subsequently developed MI or death than among control subjects. After adjustment for traditional risk factors, number of diseased vessels, and clinical presentation, relative hazards (95% confidence limits) for MI or death were 2.0 (1. 4 to 3.2) for CMV, 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) for HAV, and 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) for HSV2. Increasing pathogen burden was significantly associated with increasing risk of MI or death in a dose-response fashion. Adjusted relative hazards of MI or death associated with pathogen burden were significant among individuals with low or high CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that infection plays an important role in incident MI or death and that the risk posed by infection is independently related to the pathogen burden.
BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated that the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) increased in relation to the number of pathogens (the "pathogen burden") in a cross-sectional study. In the present prospective study with a different patient cohort, we evaluated the effect of pathogen burden on the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) or death among CAD patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), HSV type 2 (HSV2), Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were tested in baseline blood samples from 890 patients who had significant CAD on angiography. The mean follow-up period was 3 years. The baseline prevalence of antibodies directed against CMV, HAV, HSV1, or HSV2, but not C pneumoniae and H pylori, was significantly higher among patients who subsequently developed MI or death than among control subjects. After adjustment for traditional risk factors, number of diseased vessels, and clinical presentation, relative hazards (95% confidence limits) for MI or death were 2.0 (1. 4 to 3.2) for CMV, 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) for HAV, and 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) for HSV2. Increasing pathogen burden was significantly associated with increasing risk of MI or death in a dose-response fashion. Adjusted relative hazards of MI or death associated with pathogen burden were significant among individuals with low or high CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that infection plays an important role in incident MI or death and that the risk posed by infection is independently related to the pathogen burden.
Authors: Mitchell S V Elkind; Pankajavalli Ramakrishnan; Yeseon P Moon; Bernadette Boden-Albala; Khin M Liu; Steve L Spitalnik; Tanja Rundek; Ralph L Sacco; Myunghee C Paik Journal: Arch Neurol Date: 2009-11-09
Authors: Maria K Schwartz; Larry W Hunter; Marianne Huebner; John C Lieske; Virginia M Miller Journal: Nanomedicine (Lond) Date: 2009-12 Impact factor: 5.307
Authors: Moyses Szklo; Jingzhong Ding; Michael Y Tsai; Mary Cushman; Joseph F Polak; João Lima; R Graham Barr; A Richey Sharrett Journal: J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) Date: 2009-10 Impact factor: 2.160