Disconjugate vertical memory-guided saccades to disparate targets.

We studied the binocular coordination of normal memory-guided saccades and the possibility of inducing memory-based disconjugate learning. First, we report that normal vertical memory-guided saccades to non-disparate targets are yoked vertically in the two eyes as well as visually guided vertical saccades. To induce disconjugate vertical learning, at each trial we flashed a target that was disparate (i.e. 8% more elevated or more depressed for one eye); the memory delay was 1 s. Memory-guided vertical saccades developed a vertical disconjugacy that was appropriate for the disparity of the remembered target. After 15 min of repetition, this vertical disconjugacy persisted even when the target to be remembered was no longer disparate; this indicates disconjugate vertical learning based on short-term memory. However, this was observed only for a few individual cases and its amplitude was small. This contrasts with prior findings on horizontal saccades associated with horizontal disparities. We conclude that vertical memory-based disconjugate learning is possible but very limited. Together with other studies, this study suggests that the natural vertical conjugacy of vertical saccades relies little on rapid learning mechanisms. Rather it seems to be built-in, and this is consistent with earlier electrophysiological findings.