Ureteropyeloscopic treatment of ureteral and intrarenal calculi.

Endoscopic lithotripsy is an essential part of the armamentarium at any complete stone treatment center. It is first-line therapy for complicated upper urinary tract calculi and for patients who fail primary extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. In the presented series, ureteroscopy is defined as a safe and particularly effective treatment for upper urinary tract calculi. Endoscope miniaturization, the Holmium laser, and refined surgical technique have positive results. Complications are less frequent today, even with in the most complex large stone burdens being addressed in a retrograde ureteroscopic way.