Ribosomal Resistance: Emerging Problems and Potential Solutions.

Many systemic antibiotics use ribosomal inhibition to suppress the replication of bacteria. Current research suggests that resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLS(B)) antibiotics is emerging among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Erythromycin methylases, encoded by erm genes, modify an essential adenine residue in 23S rRNA and confer cross-resistance to MLS(B) antibiotics. More recently, macrolide efflux (mef) genes were identified in isolates of S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae that show resistance to 14- and 15-membered macrolides (M phenotype). Resistance to MLSB has been associated with the increased use of erythromycin, and the recent emergence of the M phenotype has coincided with the marketing of newer macrolides. However, despite increasing macrolide resistance among clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae, convincing data on treatment failures directly attributable to MLS(B) or M phenotypes are limited. Possible solutions to emerging MLS(B) and M phenotype resistance include the introduction of alternative antibiotics, the more prudent use of antibiotics, combination therapy, molecular diagnostics, enhanced understanding of pharmacodynamic variables, and redefined resistance breakpoints.