The long-term outcome after laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: a comparison with open nephroureterectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term outcome of the endourological management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) by laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNU) or open nephroureterectomy (ONU). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records and pathology reports were reviewed retrospectively for 67 nephroureterectomy specimens (42 obtained by ONU and 25 by LNU). The grade, stage, lymph node status and site of the tumour were recorded for each patient. The primary end-point of the follow-up was disease-related death.
RESULTS: Overall there was a high proportion of G2 (44%) and G3 (39%) disease, with a significant correlation between increasing grade and stage of TCC (r = 0.74, P < 0.001). Of the 25 patients who underwent LNU, 22 had pelvicalyceal or upper ureteric TCC and conversion to open surgery was required in three (12%). Of the TCCs in this group half were G3 and half were invasive (pT1-3). In the ONU group there were more ureteric tumours because of selection criteria and overall 16 (39%) were G3 and half were invasive. Information on nodal status was available in one LNU and two of the ONU reports. Within a mean follow-up of 32.9 months for LNU and 42.3 months for ONU, nine (21%) of the ONU group and four (16%) of the LNU group had died, with a mean survival of 15.1 and 17 months, respectively, after surgery (not significant). All of these deaths were associated with G3 pT1-3 disease.
CONCLUSIONS: In this series the case mix and outcomes were similar for those undergoing LNU and ONU. As laparoscopic renal surgery is associated with less postoperative morbidity it would seem reasonable to offer LNU to all patients with upper tract TCC, where appropriate and when there is no evidence of local invasion or metastasis. Because of the strong correlation between grade and stage, preliminary ureteroscopic assessment and biopsy may influence the surgical approach adopted.