Frequency of hyper-, hypohaploidy and diploidy in ejaculate, epididymal and testicular germ cells of infertile patients.

The hypothesis that sperm aneuploidy and diploidy increase as a function of spermatogenesis impairment was addressed. Ejaculated semen samples from a series of men (n = 22) with very low total normal motile count (1 x 10(6)) was analysed in terms of sperm aneuploidy and diploidy by in-situ hybridization and compared with controls (n = 10). Germ cell aneuploidy was also analysed in an additional series of infertile patients presenting unexplained infertility (n = 3), congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD) (n = 6) and non-obstructive azoospermia (n = 3) undergoing IVF, microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA)/ICSI and testicular sperm extraction (TESE)/ICSI cycles respectively. In-situ hybridization for chromosomes 1, 17, X and Y was performed on ejaculate, epididymal and testicular spermatozoa. Significantly higher sperm aneuploidy and diploidy rates where found (for the four chromosomes analysed) in spermatozoa from oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) over controls (18 versus 2.28% and 2.8 versus 0.13% respectively; P < 0.001). Testicular germ cells had even higher rates of sperm aneuploidy and diploidy. However, in this group it was difficult to determine whether the cells analysed were dysmorphic spermatozoa or spermatids. The data warrant further investigation on the cytogenetic abnormalities found in most germ cells identified in testicular tissue biopsies of azoospermic patients.