Size, conformation and purity of chloroplast DNA of some higher plants.

1. Chloroplast DNA of Antirrhinum majus, Oenothera hookeri, Beta vulgaris and Spinacia oleracea band at the same buoyant density of 1.697 g-cm-3 in neutral CsCl equilibrium gradients. The corresponding nuclear DNAs band at 1.691, 1.703, 1.695 and 1.695 g-cm-3, respectively. The purity of chloroplast and nuclear DNA can be assessed objectively only in the cases of Antirrhinum and Oenothera. 2. Electron microscopic analysis of chloroplast DNA, purified in CsCl or CsCl/ethidium bromide gradients, revealed up to 80% circular molecules. Of these about 15% were of supertwisted conformation. Best yields of circular molecules were recovered when populations of unbroken chloroplasts were subjected to DNAase and phosphodiesterase treatment, and when the DNA was purified from viscous lysates by centrifugation into a CsCl cushion. Treatment of plastids with DNAase alone did not guarantee complete degradation of nuclear DNA. 3. The average contour length of the open circular chloroplast DNA molecules was basically similar for all four plants. They were 45.9 plus or minus 2.1 mum for Antirrhinum, 45.7 plus or minus 1.9 mum for Spinacia, 44.9 plus or minus 1.7 mum for Beta and 45.2 mum for Oenothera. This is comparable to the size derived for the coding capacity of chloroplast DNA from reassociation experiments. As much as 15% of the total population of circles in chloroplast DNA of Spinacia were circular dimers.