How to help students understand physiology? Emphasize general models.

Students generally approach topics in physiology as a series of unrelated phenomena that share few underlying principles. In many students' view, the Fick equation for cardiac output is fundamentally different from a renal clearance equation. If, however, students recognize that these apparently different situations can be viewed as examples of the same general conceptual model (e.g., conservation of mass), they may gain a more unified understanding of physiological systems. An understanding of as few as seven general models can provide students with an initial conceptual framework for analyzing most physiological systems. The general models deal with control systems, conservation of mass, mass and heat flow, elastic properties of tissues, transport across membranes, cell-to-cell communication, and molecular interaction.