Analysis of organ physiology in transgenic mice.

The increasing availability of transgenic mouse models of gene deletion and human disease has mandated the development of creative approaches to characterize mouse phenotype. The mouse presents unique challenges to phenotype analysis because of its small size, habits, and inability to verbalize clinical symptoms. This review describes strategies to study mouse organ physiology, focusing on the cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, and neurobehavioral systems. General concerns about evaluating mouse phenotype studies are discussed. Monitoring and anesthesia methods are reviewed, with emphasis on the feasibility and limitations of noninvasive and invasive procedures to monitor physiological parameters, do cannulations, and perform surgical procedures. Examples of phenotype studies are cited to demonstrate the practical applications and limitations of the measurement methods. The repertoire of phenotype analysis methods reviewed here should be useful to investigators involved in or contemplating the use of mouse models.