Stat4 is expressed in activated peripheral blood monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages at sites of Th1-mediated inflammation.

Stat4 is a key transcription factor involved in promoting cell-mediated immunity, whose expression in mature cells has been reported to be restricted to T and NK cells. We demonstrate here, however, that Stat4 expression is not restricted to lymphoid cells. In their basal state, monocytes do not express Stat4. Upon activation, however, IFN-gamma- and LPS-treated monocytes and dendritic cells express high levels of Stat4. Monocyte-expressed Stat4 in humans is phosphorylated in response to IFN-alpha, but not IL-12. In contrast, the Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, specifically down-regulate Stat4 expression in activated monocytes, while having little effect on Stat6 expression. Moreover, macrophages in synovial tissue obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis express Stat4 in vivo, suggesting a potential role in a prototypical Th1-mediated human disease. IFN-alpha-induced Stat4 activation in human monocytes represents a previously unrecognized signaling pathway at sites of Th1 inflammation.