Cages: outcome and complications.

The coincidental development of minimal intervention techniques for carrying out anterior lumbar spinal fusion and the introduction of cages to provide mechanical support of introduced bone graft led to the development of a type of cage suitable for both minimal intervention use (laparoscopic) and for the standard open procedure (the BAK cage). Reported results concentrated in the main on feasibility, safety and fusion rate achieved, rather than clinical outcome. Laparoscopic insertion at the lumbosacral level was as safe as if the procedure was an open one, although there was a slighter higher incidence of retrograde ejaculation. Immediate post-operative morbidity was less with the laparoscopic procedure and discharge home and return to work was earlier. There was no long-term benefit from the laparoscopic procedure. Laparoscopic insertion at the L4/5 level was attended by a greater incidence of complications, and had a longer learning curve.