Schizophrenia and the mechanisms of conscious integration.

This article considers the possibility that defective interactions among distributed brain areas may underlie certain dysfunctions of conscious integration such as those seen in schizophrenia. Recent experimental evidence obtained using whole-head magnetoencephalography during binocular rivalry is first reviewed. The results outline a cortical network that underlies conscious integration in the normal brain. This network is not localized to a small part of the brain but it is distributed over frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital areas. Large-scale simulations of the dynamics of thalamocortical integration are then examined. These studies indicate that several factors can affect the rapid integration of the activity of distributed thalamocortical regions and the resulting behavioral performance. These simulations show that an altered dynamics of corticothalamic and corticocortical re-entrant circuits can result from increased conduction delays, blockade of voltage-dependent connections, reduced synaptic density, and disruptions of the local connectivity within a single cortical area. It can also result from alterations in the activity of diffuse ascending systems that lead to defective reinforcement of integrated activity patterns. Finally, the article briefly reviews theoretical measures of the integration of multiple brain areas, such as measures of functional clustering. These measures have been applied to PET data obtained from schizophrenic subjects and controls while performing cognitive tasks. The results show a change in the functional interactions among distributed brain areas in schizophrenics despite the absence of a change in activation patterns. The possibility is raised that disruption of re-entrant interactions among cortical areas may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.