Mitochondrial DNA sequences of human schistosomes: the current status.

Sequences generated from the mitochondrial genome provide useful molecular markers for defining population groups, for tracing the genetic history of an individual or a particular group of related individuals, and for constructing deep-branch taxonomic phylogenies. There is every reason to believe that the mitochondrial genome will be as valuable in studies on flatworms, such as the human schistosomes, as it has been for other taxa. To date, however, our knowledge of mitochondrial genomes of flatworms remains limited, and this review summarises the currently available information. In particular, details of the recent sequence obtained for cloned Schistosoma mansoni mitochondrial DNA fragments spanning over half of the mitochondrial genome of this species are emphasised. This and other information, available as a result of the Schistosome Genome Project, provide the basis for obtaining the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and gene order of S. mansoni and the other human schistosomes. The availability of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences from the different species will facilitate much more in-depth study of genetic diversity and host specificity in schistosomes and the interrelationships between the various forms infecting humans and between these and other flatworms.