G R Matzke1, R F Frye, J J Early, R J Straka, S W Carson. 1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, and Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the metabolism of antipyrine, a general metabolic probe, caffeine, a probe for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and N-acetyltransferase activity, and dextromethorphan, a specific probe for CYP2D6 activity in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study. SETTING: Research facility. Patients. Fifteen patients with type 1 and 16 with type 2 diabetes, and 16 healthy controls. INTERVENTION: Each subject simultaneously received antipyrine 10 mg/kg, caffeine 100 mg, and dextromethorphan 30 mg. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and its primary metabolites were determined from saliva and urine samples. Type 1 diabetes had marked effects on antipyrine metabolism whereas type 2 disease did not alter the metabolism of any of the probe drugs. The apparent oral clearance of antipyrine was increased 72% in patients with type 1 disease compared with controls (p=0.0001). In addition, formation clearances of 4-hydroxyantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine were increased by 74% and 137% in those patients relative to controls. The caffeine metabolic index (paraxanthine/caffeine) was increased 34% (p=0.11), and N-acetylation and CYP2D6 phenotype were not altered. CONCLUSION: The metabolism of antipyrine is increased in patients with type 1 diabetes. Based on in vitro reports of antipyrine metabolism and current caffeine metabolic index data, the predominant effect of type 1 diabetes appears to be an increase in CYP1A2 activity. Assessment of the effect of the disease on other specific CYP metabolic pathways is warranted.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the metabolism of antipyrine, a general metabolic probe, caffeine, a probe for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and N-acetyltransferase activity, and dextromethorphan, a specific probe for CYP2D6 activity in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study. SETTING: Research facility. Patients. Fifteen patients with type 1 and 16 with type 2 diabetes, and 16 healthy controls. INTERVENTION: Each subject simultaneously received antipyrine 10 mg/kg, caffeine 100 mg, and dextromethorphan 30 mg. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and its primary metabolites were determined from saliva and urine samples. Type 1 diabetes had marked effects on antipyrine metabolism whereas type 2 disease did not alter the metabolism of any of the probe drugs. The apparent oral clearance of antipyrine was increased 72% in patients with type 1 disease compared with controls (p=0.0001). In addition, formation clearances of 4-hydroxyantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine were increased by 74% and 137% in those patients relative to controls. The caffeine metabolic index (paraxanthine/caffeine) was increased 34% (p=0.11), and N-acetylation and CYP2D6 phenotype were not altered. CONCLUSION: The metabolism of antipyrine is increased in patients with type 1 diabetes. Based on in vitro reports of antipyrine metabolism and current caffeine metabolic index data, the predominant effect of type 1 diabetes appears to be an increase in CYP1A2 activity. Assessment of the effect of the disease on other specific CYP metabolic pathways is warranted.
Authors: Dan Xu; Feng Li; Mian Zhang; Ji Zhang; Can Liu; Meng-yue Hu; Ze-yu Zhong; Ling-ling Jia; Da-wei Wang; Jie Wu; Li Liu; Xiao-dong Liu Journal: Acta Pharmacol Sin Date: 2014-08-25 Impact factor: 6.150
Authors: Jing Fan Yang; Xun Gong; Naveed A Bakh; Kelley Carr; Nelson F B Phillips; Faramarz Ismail-Beigi; Michael A Weiss; Michael S Strano Journal: Diabetes Date: 2020-03-09 Impact factor: 9.461