Activation of the human diaphragm during a repetitive postural task.

The co-ordination between respiratory and postural functions of the diaphragm was investigated during repetitive upper limb movement. It was hypothesised that diaphragm activity would occur either tonically or phasically in association with the forces from each movement and that this activity would combine with phasic respiratory activity. Movements of the upper limb and ribcage were measured while standing subjects performed repetitive upper limb movements 'as fast as possible'. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the costal diaphragm were made using intramuscular electrodes in four subjects. Surface electrodes were placed over the deltoid and erector spinae muscles. In contrast to standing at rest, diaphragm activity was present throughout expiration at 78 +/- 17% (mean +/- s.d.) of its peak inspiratory magnitude during repeated upper limb movement. Bursts of deltoid and erector spinae EMG activity occurred at the limb movement frequency (approximately 2.9 Hz). Although the majority of diaphragm EMG power was at the respiratory frequency (approximately 0.4 Hz), a peak was also present at the movement frequency. This finding was corroborated by averaged EMG activity triggered from upper limb movement. In addition, diaphragm EMG activity was coherent with ribcage motion at the respiratory frequency and with upper limb movement at the movement frequency. The diaphragm response was similar when movement was performed while sitting. In addition, when subjects moved with increasing frequency the peak upper limb acceleration correlated with diaphragm EMG amplitude. These findings support the argument that diaphragm contraction is related to trunk control. The results indicate that activity of human phrenic motoneurones is organised such that it contributes to both posture and respiration during a task which repetitively challenges trunk posture.