Impedance microbiology: applications in food hygiene.

Impedance microbiology is a rapid method that enables qualitative and quantitative tracing of microorganisms by measuring the change in the electrical conductivity. With direct impedance technology, the change in the conductivity of a liquid culture medium serves as a measuring parameter, whereas with indirect impediometry, the change in the electrical conductivity of a reaction solution, which occurs through the absorption of gases from the inoculated bacterial culture, is measured. Most investigations concerning the applicability of impediometry in food microbiology deal with the impedimetric detection or enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae, especially the detection of Salmonella. However, impediometry has been applied to other bacterial groups or species as well. Furthermore, a great number of published findings concern the impedimetric determination of the total bacterial count. The successful application of this fast method on further areas of food hygiene, such as tracing antibiotics and testing additives for their antimicrobiological effect, has also been described. In general the use of impediometry for the application areas stated has been judged positively. However, the time and expense required by the user to optimize the method, the deficits when testing slightly contaminated sample material or determining the bacterial count in those cases in which the microorganisms are sublethally damaged, and the necessity of performing individual calibration for each food category limit the applicability of impediometry.