Clinical review 110: Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors.

We are fortunate to have multiple safe and effective therapeutic options available for the treatment of pituitary tumors. These options include medical therapy, transsphenoidal surgery and radiotherapy. The treatment of choice depends on the type of pituitary tumor. The majority, of PRL-secreting tumors can be effectively treated with dopamine agonists. Transsphenoidal surgery is also an effective option for patients who are resistant to or intolerant of these drugs. Transsphenoidal surgery remains the treatment of choice for the majority of patients with GH, ACTH, and TSH-secreting tumors and for large nonsecreting tumors. Medical therapy with somatostatin analogs and/or dopamine agonists should be undertaken in patients with persistent elevations of GH and IGF-I levels; radiotherapy should be considered for patients with significant residual tumor in whom medical therapy is unsuccessful. Radiotherapy is also indicated for ACTH-secreting tumors not cured by surgery; medical therapy with ketoconazole and other adrenal enzyme inhibitors can be used as adjunctive therapy to lower cortisol levels. Postoperative radiotherapy for nonsecreting tumors is also an option if there is considerable residual tumor or evidence of tumor growth on follow-up MRI. Evaluation and treatment of hypopituitarism is an important part of the management of all patients with pituitary tumors. Patients also should be monitored for the development of new deficits, particularly after radiotherapy. The development of new medical therapies, such as GH antagonists, as well as refinements of surgical, radiotherapy, and imaging techniques should continue to improve our management of pituitary tumors.