Carotid-cavernous fistulas.

Carotid-cavernous fistulas often cause ophthalmologic manifestations that may result in loss of vision. Knowledge of these ocular signs is essential for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Appropriate management frequently involves multiple specialists including neuro-ophthalmologists, interventional radiologists, and neurosurgeons. This article reviews current concepts essential to all specialists who treat patients with carotid-cavernous fistulas.