Glycerol production by yeasts under osmotic and sulfite stress.

The yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida boidinii, Pichia augusta, and Pichia anomala were tested for glycerol production both under osmotic stress and by addition of a sulfite-steering agent. The osmotic pressure was increased by employing glucose concentrations from 50 to 200 g/L and by supplementing with NaCl (40 g/L). Of all the yeasts, S. cerevisiae exhibited the highest level of osmotolerance. The increased osmotic pressure affected glycerol formation the most in C. boidinii. In both Pichia species, glycerol formation was not sufficiently induced when exposed to sugar and salt stress. The addition of 40 g/L Na2SO3 to the medium containing 100 g/L glucose shifted the metabolism of all yeasts towards glycerol formation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae achieved 68.6%, while C. boidinii reached 25.5% of the theoretical glycerol yield, respectively. The highest glycerol yield, 82.3% of the theoretical, was produced by S. cerevisiae under microaerophilic conditions.