Retinoic acid receptor: a simulation analysis of retinoic acid binding and the resulting conformational changes.

The binding/escape mechanism of all- trans retinoic acid with respect to the ligand-binding domain of the nuclear receptor RARgamma has been studied by molecular dynamic simulations. The entry/exit channel was shown to be on the side of the activation helix by the use of multiple copy dynamics. Three independent minimum energy paths from the liganded structure to a model for the unliganded structure were calculated with the conjugate peak refinement method. Ligand escape takes place in the early steps of the transition during rearrangement of the binding pocket; the latter involves inward motion of the beta-sheet and outward motions of the Omega-loop and helix H6. The correlated rearrangements involved in the escape phase are similar and occur in the same order for the different paths. After the escape phase, the conformational changes affect primarily the C-terminal helices H11-H12 and the Omega-loop. The three paths are significantly different for this reorganization phase and reveal a multiplicity of possibilities, in agreement with the idea that the apo state is structurally less constrained. The present calculations extend the crystallographic results, confirming the "mouse trap" mechanism and stressing the importance of the helix H3 conformation and of the contacts between the Omega-loop and helices H11 and H6. They are in good agreement with known mutants and point to other functionally important residues, especially in helices H3 and H11, suggesting mutations that may affect the ligand-binding function and the associated conformational changes. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.