The distinctive roles of five different ARC genes in the chloroplast division process in Arabidopsis.

ARC (accumulation and replication of chloroplasts) genes control different aspects of the chloroplast division process in higher plants. In order to establish the hierarchy of the ARC genes in the chloroplast division process and to provide evidence for their specific roles, double mutants were constructed between arc11, arc6, arc5, arc3 and arc1 in all combinations and phenotypically analysed. arc11 is a new nuclear recessive mutant with 29 chloroplasts compared with 120 in wild type. All the phenotypes of the double mutants are unambiguous. ARC1 down-regulates proplastid division but is on a separate pathway from ARC3, ARC5, ARC6 and ARC11. ARC6 initiates both proplastid and chloroplast division. ARC3 controls the rate of chloroplast expansion and ARC11 the central positioning of the final division plane in chloroplast division. ARC5 facilitates separation of the two daughter chloroplasts. ARC5 maps to chromosome 3 and ARC11 and ARC6 map approximately 60 cM apart on chromosome 5.