The use of echocardiography in pediatric interventional cardiac catheterization procedures.

The last decade saw a dramatic change in the management of congenital heart defects. The introduction and development in echocardiography and Doppler modalities enable definitive diagnosis of congenital lesions without cardiac catheterization. At the same time, new therapeutic procedures for congenital defects using the catheter as a channel for different procedures were developed. These therapeutic procedures have replaced cardiac surgery in many types of defects. The new developments in echocardiography and Doppler modalities provide accurate imaging and visualization of the transcatheter devices and brought these two imaging modalities into a close marriage. The use of echocardiography and Doppler in the catheterization laboratory became a must, especially when used in atrial (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure. In this article we will detail the role of echocardiography in the different transcatheter interventional procedures in the catheterization laboratory. Those include atrial septostomy, blade atrial septectomy, balloon dilation, ASD closure, VSD closure, patent ductus anterior closure, and pericardiocentesis.