A direct demonstration of both structure and function in the visual system: combining diffusion tensor imaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

The relationships between functional activation patterns and the structural properties of brain pathways have not been widely studied. The recently developed magnetic resonance imaging technique of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows a full characterization of water molecule mobility in three dimensions, providing new structural information that is not available from other in vivo imaging techniques. The directional bias of diffusion (anisotropy) may be derived from the diffusion tensor, and is related to fiber tract integrity and orientation. Since DTI and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) both require rapid (generally echoplanar) imaging it is possible to obtain geometrically matched images from the two modalities. fMRI and DTI were combined in a visual system study using photic stimulation to demonstrate the feasibility of combining the two methods and to investigate the structural properties of activated regions compared to the white matter tracts. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI activation maps were directly overlayed upon fractional anisotropy (FA) maps, avoiding registration and spatial transformation by carefully matching acquisition parameters. Activated regions had lower FA than optic radiation white matter, supporting the hypothesis that most BOLD signal change occurs within the relatively isotropic cortical grey matter. The combination of these modalities in future studies may provide further insights into relationships between brain structure and function in both health and disease. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.