Active motor neurons potentiate their own sensory inputs via glutamate-induced long-term potentiation.

Adaptive motor control is based mainly on the processing and integration of proprioceptive feedback information. In crayfish walking leg, many of these operations are performed directly by the motor neurons (MNs), which are connected monosynaptically by sensory afferents (CBTs) originating from a chordotonal organ that encodes vertical limb movements. An in vitro preparation of the crayfish CNS was used to investigate a new control mechanism exerted directly by motor neurons on the sensory inputs themselves. Paired intracellular recordings demonstrated that, in the absence of any presynaptic sensory firing, the spiking activity of a leg MN is able long-lastingly to enhance the efficacy of the CBT-MN synapses. Moreover, this effect is specific to the activated MN because no changes were induced at the afferent synapses of a neighboring silent MN. We report evidence that long-term potentiation (LTP) of the monosynaptic EPSP involves a retrograde system of glutamate transmission from the postsynaptic MN, which induces the activation of a metabotropic glutamate receptor located presynaptically on the CBTs. We demonstrate that LTP at crayfish sensory-motor synapses results exclusively from the long-lasting enhancement of release of acetylcholine from presynaptic sensory afferent terminals, without inducing any modifications in postsynaptic MN properties. Our data indicate that this positive feedback control represents a functional mechanism that may play a key role in the auto-organization of sensory-motor networks.