PURPOSE: To evaluate the chemical and enzymatic stability, as well as the cellular permeation characteristics, of the acyloxyalkoxy-based cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 of the opioid peptides [Leu5]-enkephalin (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) and DADLE (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), respectively. METHODS: The rates of conversion of 1 and 2 to [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively, were measured by HPLC in HBSS, pH = 7.4, and in various biological media (e.g., human plasma and Caco-2 cell and rat liver homogenates) having measurable esterase activity. The cellular permeation and metabolism characteristics of [Leu5]-enkephalin, DADLE and the cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 were measured using Caco-2 cell monolayers grown onto microporous membranes and monitored by HPLC. RESULTS: Cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 degraded slowly but stoichiometrically to [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively, in HBSS, pH = 7.4. In homogenates of Caco-2 cells and rat liver, as well as 90% human plasma, the rates of disappearance of the cyclic prodrugs were significantly faster than in HBSS. The stabilities of the cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 were increased significantly in 90% human plasma and Caco-2 cell homogenates when paraoxon, a potent inhibitor of serine-dependent esterases, was included in the incubation mixtures. A similar stabilizing effect of paraoxon was not observed in 50% rat liver homogenates, but was observed in 10% homogenates of rat liver. When applied to the AP side of a Caco-2 cell monolayer, DADLE and cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 exhibited significantly greater stability than [Leu5]-enkephalin. Based on their physicochemical properties (i.e., lipophilicity), cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 should have exhibited high permeation across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Surprisingly, the AP-to-BL apparent permeability coefficients (P(App)) for cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 across Caco-2 cell monolayers were significantly lower than the P(App) value determined for the metabolically stable opioid peptide DADLE. When the P(App) values for cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 crossing Caco-2 cell monolayers in the BL-to-AP direction were determined, they were shown to be 36 and 52 times greater, respectively, than the AP-to-BL values. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2, prepared with an acyloxyalkoxy promoiety, were shown to degrade in biological media (e.g., 90% human plasma) via an esterase-catalyzed pathway. The degradation of cyclic prodrug 1, which contained an ester formed with an L-amino acid, degraded more rapidly in esterase-containing media than did prodrug 2, which contained an ester formed with a D-amino acid. Cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 showed very low AP-to-BL Caco-2 cell permeability, which did not correlate with their lipophilicities. These low AP-to-BL permeabilities result because of their substrate activity for apically polarized efflux systems.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the chemical and enzymatic stability, as well as the cellular permeation characteristics, of the acyloxyalkoxy-based cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 of the opioid peptides [Leu5]-enkephalin (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) and DADLE (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), respectively. METHODS: The rates of conversion of 1 and 2 to [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively, were measured by HPLC in HBSS, pH = 7.4, and in various biological media (e.g., human plasma and Caco-2 cell and rat liver homogenates) having measurable esterase activity. The cellular permeation and metabolism characteristics of [Leu5]-enkephalin, DADLE and the cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 were measured using Caco-2 cell monolayers grown onto microporous membranes and monitored by HPLC. RESULTS: Cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 degraded slowly but stoichiometrically to [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively, in HBSS, pH = 7.4. In homogenates of Caco-2 cells and rat liver, as well as 90% human plasma, the rates of disappearance of the cyclic prodrugs were significantly faster than in HBSS. The stabilities of the cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 were increased significantly in 90% human plasma and Caco-2 cell homogenates when paraoxon, a potent inhibitor of serine-dependent esterases, was included in the incubation mixtures. A similar stabilizing effect of paraoxon was not observed in 50% rat liver homogenates, but was observed in 10% homogenates of rat liver. When applied to the AP side of a Caco-2 cell monolayer, DADLE and cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 exhibited significantly greater stability than [Leu5]-enkephalin. Based on their physicochemical properties (i.e., lipophilicity), cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 should have exhibited high permeation across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Surprisingly, the AP-to-BL apparent permeability coefficients (P(App)) for cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 across Caco-2 cell monolayers were significantly lower than the P(App) value determined for the metabolically stable opioid peptide DADLE. When the P(App) values for cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 crossing Caco-2 cell monolayers in the BL-to-AP direction were determined, they were shown to be 36 and 52 times greater, respectively, than the AP-to-BL values. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2, prepared with an acyloxyalkoxy promoiety, were shown to degrade in biological media (e.g., 90% human plasma) via an esterase-catalyzed pathway. The degradation of cyclic prodrug 1, which contained an ester formed with an L-amino acid, degraded more rapidly in esterase-containing media than did prodrug 2, which contained an ester formed with a D-amino acid. Cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 showed very low AP-to-BL Caco-2 cell permeability, which did not correlate with their lipophilicities. These low AP-to-BL permeabilities result because of their substrate activity for apically polarized efflux systems.