Progesterone can block transmission of the estradiol-induced signal for luteinizing hormone surge generation during a specific period of time immediately after activation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone surge-generating system.

The preovulatory GnRH/LH surge in the ewe is stimulated by a rise in the circulating estradiol concentration that occurs in conjunction with preovulatory ovarian follicle development. In the presence of high levels of progesterone, such as during the luteal phase of the estrous/menstrual cycle, the stimulatory effects of elevated estradiol on GnRH/LH secretion are blocked. Recent work in the ewe has shown that a relatively short period of estradiol exposure can stimulate a GnRH/LH surge that begins after estrogenic support has been removed. This result suggests that surge generation is characterized by an estradiol-dependent period (during which the signal is read) and an estradiol-independent period (during which a cascade of neuronal events transmits the stimulatory signal to the GnRH neurosecretory system, which releases a surge of GnRH). In this series of studies, we addressed the hypothesis that progesterone can block transmission of the stimulatory estradiol signal after it has been read. Nine ovariectomized ewes were run through repeated artificial estrous cycles by sequential addition and removal of exogenous steroids. In study one, ewes received three treatments in a randomized cross-over design. Exposure to a follicular phase estradiol concentration for 10 h (positive control treatment) stimulated an LH surge in all ewes, as determined in hourly jugular blood samples. Maintenance of luteal phase progesterone concentrations throughout the artificial follicular phase (2 x CIDR-G devices, negative control) blocked the stimulatory effects of a 10-h estradiol signal, and no ewes that received this treatment expressed an LH surge. In the experimental group, exposure to luteal phase levels of progesterone, during the period after the surge generating system had been activated by estradiol, blocked the LH surge in six of nine ewes. This result demonstrates that progesterone can block the surge, even when applied after the surge-generating system has been activated and, therefore, that it inhibits either the transmission of the estradiol signal and/or the release of the GnRH/LH surge. In study 2, we assessed whether sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of progesterone was confined to a specific stage of the transmission of the estradiol signal. Eight ewes were exposed to four treatments, over successive artificial estrous cycles. Positive and negative controls were similar to those described in Study 1, except the duration of the stimulatory estradiol signal was reduced to 8 h. The two experimental groups consisted of an EARLY P (progesterone) treatment, in which progesterone was given from hours 8-13 after estradiol insertion (immediately after estradiol removal), and a LATE P treatment, in which progesterone was given from hours 13-18 (immediately before LH surge secretion). As expected, LH surges were stimulated and blocked, in response to the positive and negative controls, respectively. Whereas the EARLY P treatment blocked the LH surge in seven of eight ewes, the LATE P treatment was only successful in inhibiting a surge in one of eight animals. This result demonstrates that progesterone can block the estradiol-induced surge-generating signal soon after the onset of signal transmission (immediately after estradiol removal) but not during the later stages of signal transmission (at the time of GnRH/LH surge onset).