Respiratory pattern formation in the isolated bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) brainstem-spinal cord.

This study characterizes various patterns of motor output obtained from cranial nerves V, VII, X, and XII of in vitro, saline-perfused, brainstem-spinal cord preparations of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Motor output indicative of fictive breathing was present in all preparations. In 17 of 26 preparations, fictive breaths were either evenly spaced or randomly distributed, while in the remaining nine preparations fictive breaths occurred in episodes separated by relatively long periods of quiescence. With the exception of fictive breath duration in the non-episodic preparations and the instantaneous frequency of fictive breaths within episodes, all variables associated with fictive breathing were insensitive to changes in perfusion saline pH. In addition to fictive breathing, a large number of other forms of motor output were observed arising from these nerves. While the data suggest that the in vitro preparation is capable of producing a wide repertoire of motor patterns, similar to those seen in vivo, it was difficult, with the current protocol, to reliably produce any single pattern in spite of carefully regulated conditions.