The application of goal attainment scaling in chronic pain settings.

Although the multidimensional nature of chronic pain has been recognized since the 1960s, pain management continues to reflect a biomedical model for many chronic pain patients. The application of a biopsychosocial approach would be aided by measurement tools that reflect the multidimensional nature of pain, facilitate interdisciplinary care planning, and focus treatment on the consequences of pain that are important to patients. Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) is an individualized health outcome measure that is suitable for health problems that warrant a multidimensional and individualized approach to treatment planning and outcome measurement. This paper describes the use of GAS as a treatment and research tool in cancer pain, pediatric pain, work-related nonmalignant pain, and geriatric pain. Unlike the typical process where goals are not explicitly stated, GAS allows goals to be stated in a systematic measurable manner that is relevant and meaningful for each patient, and that can guide individual treatment planning. GAS is an appropriate technique for guiding and monitoring the treatment of individual chronic pain patients, and may provide a useful tool for evaluating chronic pain programs.