Total shoulder arthroplasty -- current problems and possible solutions.

The concept and design of a cemented unconstrained total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), introduced by Charles Neer II 25 years ago, has been successful in the management of degenerative and inflammatory conditions of the shoulder, controlling pain and, in many patients, significantly improving function. The clinical outcome is very much determined by the nature and severity of the pathology, as well as by the surgeon's experience and ability to correctly locate and fix the components. Total shoulder arthroplasty is a technically difficult procedure with perhaps a greater potential for technical errors and complications compared with other commonly performed arthroplasties. Current systems are modular on the humeral side, with varying head diameters and neck lengths, allowing more accurate coverage of the cut surface of the humeral neck and improved ability to establish the position of the joint line within the requirements of correct soft tissue tension and balance. Cemented all-polyethylene glenoid components remain the most favored, but the majority now have an increased radius of curvature compared with their corresponding humeral head, to allow translation during movement. Aseptic glenoid component loosening is the most frequently encountered long-term complication and is hastened by conforming prostheses, incorrect positioning, rotator cuff tears, and capsular contractures, but is protected by secure glenoid fixation. Cemented one-piece metal-backed glenoids have been disappointing, but non-cemented glenoids are being trialed with promising early results, although they have introduced their own particular problems of rapid polyethylene wear and component dissociation. Although cemented humeral components have a very low incidence of symptomatic loosening, most surgeons currently use press-fit designs supplemented with metaphyseal porous coating for osseous integration. Based on increased understanding of the morphology of the upper humerus, current designs are evolving with increased modularity, allowing the surgeon to choose the appropriate size, inclination, offset and version of the humeral component. These changes will, it is hoped, result in improved functional recovery and increased survivorship of the glenoid component.