Options and strategies for the management of choledocholithiasis.

The introduction of laparoscopic techniques for the management of biliary stone disease has expanded the therapeutic choices for surgeons confronted with choledocholithiasis. As new strategies emerge, the treatment of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis remains controversial. This paper discusses the options available for the treatment of common bile duct stones. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are proposed. The treatment of these patients must be individualized, taking into consideration the condition of the patient, associated diseases, secondary complications of the gallstones, and the surgical expertise and resources of the institution.