Physiological relationships and circadian periodicities in rodent trypanosomes.

Trypanosome circadian rhythms in rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi and mice infected with T. duttoni (equals T. musculi) were observed. Peak numbers of trypanosomes were recorded at nightfall and fewest organisms seen at daybreak. Reversal of the photoperiod resulted in a comparable reversal of the trypanosome parasitaemia. Periodicities of blood glucose levels and circulating leucocytes were relatively similar in T. lewisi-infected rats to rhythms previously defined in normal aimals. In trypanosome-infected mice, circulating leucocytes had a peak at 1800 hours and were minimal at midnight. Immune serum and epinephrine apparently had opposite effects on numbers of circulating rat trypanosomes; antisera reduced and epinephrine increased the numbers. Increased motor activity appeared to induce increased parasitaemia. Results of these and other studies suggest that in diurnally active hosts, trypanosome periodicities are characterized by increasing numbers in the circulation throughout the day and reach a peak just before darkness. In nocturnally active animals a similar rhythm was observed with only a slight phase change; circulating trypanosomes increased throughout the day and were maximal soon after nocturnal onset.