Environmental and behavioral strategies to prevent and manage neonatal pain.

This article provides an overview of environmental and behavioral methods for pain management in newborn infants. Specific interventions in the areas of containing, positioning, nonpainful sensory stimuli, non-nutritive sucking, sucrose, and procedural technique are discussed. The conceptual framework and research evidence for the efficacy of these methods are examined. Opportunities for further research to evaluate the comparative efficacy of environmental and behavioral pain interventions are emphasized.