Membrane topology of the Escherichia coli gamma-aminobutyrate transporter: implications on the topography and mechanism of prokaryotic and eukaryotic transporters from the APC superfamily.

The Escherichia coli gamma-aminobutyric acid permease (GabP) is a plasma membrane protein from the amine-polyamine-choline (APC) superfamily. On the basis of hydropathy analysis, transporters from this family are thought to contain 12, 13 or 14 transmembrane domains. We have experimentally analysed the topography of GabP by using the cytoplasmically active LacZ (beta-galactosidase) and the periplasmically active PhoA (alkaline phosphatase) as complementary topological sensors. The enzymic activities of 32 GabP-LacZ hybrids and 43 GabP-PhoA hybrids provide mutually reinforcing lines of evidence that the E. coli GabP contains 12 transmembrane segments that traverse the membrane in a zig-zag fashion with both N- and C-termini facing the cytoplasm. Interestingly, the resulting model predicts that the functionally important 'consensus amphipathic region' (CAR) [Hu and King (1998) Biochem. J. 330, 771-776] is at least partly membrane-embedded in many amino acid transporters from bacteria and fungi, in contrast with the apparent situation in mouse cationic amino acid transporters (MCATs), in which this kinetically significant region is thought to be fully cytoplasmic [Sophianopoulou and Diallinas (1995) FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 16, 53-75]. To the extent that conserved domains serve similar functions, the resolution of this topological disparity stands to have family-wide implications on the mechanistic role of the CAR. The consensus transmembrane structure derived from this analysis of GabP provides a foundation for predicting the topological disposition of the CAR and other functionally important domains that are conserved throughout the APC transporter superfamily.