Alcohol and risk of cancer.

A large number of cohort and case-control studies have contributed to increased knowledge regarding alcoholic beverages and risk of malignant diseases. A clear association pointing at a causal relationship has been found for cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver. A suggestive association has been found for cancer of the large bowel and breast. An association is considered unlikely for cancer of the stomach, pancreas, lung, urinary bladder, prostate, ovary, and for malignant melanoma. Studies have also been conducted regarding endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma. No associations have been demonstrated, but the number of studies is too small for conclusions.