OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between impairments, disability and handicap in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) patients. DESIGN: A long-term follow-up study of upper extremity RSD patients. SETTING: A university hospital. SUBJECTS: Sixty-five patients, 3-9 years (mean interval 5.5 years) after RSD of the upper extremity (mean age 50.2 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Impairments: range of motion, moving two point discrimination, muscle strength of the hand and pain were measured. Disability was assessed with the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) and handicap was assessed with three subscales (social functioning, role limitations due to physical problems and role limitations due to emotional problems) of the RAND-36. RESULTS: After RSD of the upper extremity, 62% of the patients are limited in activities of daily living (ADL) and/or instrumental ADL (IADL). Pain and restrictions in forward flexion of the shoulder, thumb opposition and grip strength are the most important impairments limiting ADL and IADL. Patients with limitations in ADL and IADL are significantly more handicapped than patients without limitations. Pain is the most important factor contributing to handicap. CONCLUSION: The relationship between impairments and disability and between disability and handicap in RSD patients is weak to moderate. Pain is the most important factor leading to disability and handicap.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between impairments, disability and handicap in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) patients. DESIGN: A long-term follow-up study of upper extremity RSDpatients. SETTING: A university hospital. SUBJECTS: Sixty-five patients, 3-9 years (mean interval 5.5 years) after RSD of the upper extremity (mean age 50.2 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Impairments: range of motion, moving two point discrimination, muscle strength of the hand and pain were measured. Disability was assessed with the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) and handicap was assessed with three subscales (social functioning, role limitations due to physical problems and role limitations due to emotional problems) of the RAND-36. RESULTS: After RSD of the upper extremity, 62% of the patients are limited in activities of daily living (ADL) and/or instrumental ADL (IADL). Pain and restrictions in forward flexion of the shoulder, thumb opposition and grip strength are the most important impairments limiting ADL and IADL. Patients with limitations in ADL and IADL are significantly more handicapped than patients without limitations. Pain is the most important factor contributing to handicap. CONCLUSION: The relationship between impairments and disability and between disability and handicap in RSDpatients is weak to moderate. Pain is the most important factor leading to disability and handicap.
Authors: Sharon Grieve; Roberto S G M Perez; Frank Birklein; Florian Brunner; Stephen Bruehl; R Norman Harden; Tara Packham; Francois Gobeil; Richard Haigh; Janet Holly; Astrid Terkelsen; Lindsay Davies; Jennifer Lewis; Ilona Thomassen; Robyn Connett; Tina Worth; Jean-Jacques Vatine; Candida S McCabe Journal: Pain Date: 2017-06 Impact factor: 6.961
Authors: Nicholas Shenker; Andreas Goebel; Mark Rockett; James Batchelor; Gareth T Jones; Richard Parker; Amanda C de C Williams; Candida McCabe Journal: Br J Pain Date: 2015-05