Advantages of immunostaining over DNA analysis using PCR amplification to detect p53 abnormality in long-term formalin-fixed tissues of human colorectal carcinomas.

To study the appropriate period for formalin fixation in order to detect p53 abnormalities in formalin-fixed tissue, we used seven surgically resected human colorectal cancer specimens. The immunohistochemical reactivity of p53 immunostaining and amplification of DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the p53 gene were compared after various periods of 10% formalin fixation (1 day, and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks). For comparative immunostaining, we used the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 (MIB-1), and for comparative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), K-ras at codon 12 was amplified. Immunostaining was performed by the streptavidin-biotin method with microwave retrieval, and PCR amplifications were performed by the nested PCR method. p53 and Ki-67 immunoreactivity did not change essentially for up to 2 weeks and 1 week, respectively, of formalin fixation. PCR amplification for p53 at exon 8 and K-ras at codon 12 was successful until 1 day and 2 weeks, respectively, of formalin-fixation for the specimens of all seven cases. Thereafter, the amplification tended to worsen as the fixation time lengthened. Further, the DNA was more successfully amplified in the second PCR than in the first. These results suggest that to detect p53 abnormality in specimens that have been formalin-fixed for long periods, immunohistochemical staining may have advantages over DNA analysis with PCR amplification.