Abrogation of the G2 cell cycle checkpoint associated with overexpression of HSIX1: a possible mechanism of breast carcinogenesis.

While conducting a search for cell cycle-regulated genes in human mammary carcinoma cells, we identified HSIX1, a recently discovered member of a new homeobox gene subfamily. HSIX1 expression was absent at the onset of and increased toward the end of S phase. Since its expression pattern is suggestive of a role after S phase, we investigated the effect of HSIX1 in the G2 cell cycle checkpoint. Overexpression of HSIX1 in MCF7 cells abrogated the G2 cell cycle checkpoint in response to x-ray irradiation. HSIX1 expression was absent or very low in normal mammary tissue, but was high in 44% of primary breast cancers and 90% of metastatic lesions. In addition, HSIX1 was expressed in a variety of cancer cell lines, suggesting an important function in multiple tumor types. These data support the role for homeobox genes in tumorigenesis/tumor progression, possibly through a cell cycle function.