Adaptation to promiscuous usage of CC and CXC-chemokine coreceptors in vivo correlates with HIV-1 disease progression.

OBJECTIVE: To study coreceptor usage of sequential primary HIV-1 isolates in a longitudinal follow-up cohort of HIV-1-infected men to understand its contribution to pathogenesis of HIV disease.
DESIGN: Viral coreceptor usage of sequential primary isolates from HIV-1-infected individuals was examined at various timepoints and data was compared with CD4 cell counts, rates of disease progression and beta-chemokine production.
METHODS: Fifty-eight sequential primary isolates were obtained from four rapid progressors, six late progressors, and three long-term nonprogressors (LTNP) and their coreceptor usage was examined by infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from donors with wild-type or non-functional CC-chemokine receptor (CCR)-5, and by infection of GHOST4 cells expressing CD4 and various chemokine receptors [CCR-1-CCR-5, CXC-chemokine receptor (CXCR)-4, BOB/GPR15, BONZO/STRL33]. Production of RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta was examined using unstimulated or phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PBMC isolated from these individuals at multiple timepoints during infection.
RESULTS: A switch from single CCR-5 coreceptor usage to multiple coreceptor usage occurred in all four rapid progressors and three out of six late progressors. In addition to the commonly used coreceptors CXCR-4, CCR-5, and CCR-3, some of the viruses isolated from patients in the terminal stage of infection also used CCR-1, CCR-2b, CCR-4, and BOB as coreceptors. The emergence of viral variants capable of utilizing multiple coreceptors generally preceded CD4 cell decline to < 200 x 10(6)/l and correlated with the onset of AIDS. In contrast, three LTNP maintained exclusive usage of CCR-5 over a period of 7-12 years post-infection. Endogenous production of RANTES and MIP-1beta by PBMC from LTNP was not significantly different from rapid and late progressors. However, PHA-driven production of both chemokines was significantly higher in LTNP, suggesting that in vivo activating stimuli might curtail HIV replication by inducing these chemokines.
CONCLUSIONS: Viral variants capable of utilizing a broad range of coreceptors correlated with HIV-1 disease progression. In contrast, LTNP maintain exclusive usage of CCR-5 and produce higher levels of beta-chemokines. Thus, both viral and host determinants leading to the emergence of viral variants capable of using an expanded range of coreceptors may be likely determinants of disease progression.