M Mast1, I Körtzinger, E König, M J Müller. 1. Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Studying gender differences in fat mass and distribution in a homogeneous group of children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: 610 children aged 5-7 y in Kiel, Germany. METHODS: Anthropometric measures, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). RESULTS: Although boys had increased body weights (P<0.05), body mass indexes (BMI's) (P<0.001) and waist/hip ratios (WHRs) (P<0.001), the %fat mass as assessed by BIA (P<0.05) was increased in girls. Although the increased BMI in boys was independent of the percentile used, gender differences (that is, lower values for boys than for girls at the same age) in WHR, the sum of four skinfolds and %fat were seen up to the 90th percentile. By contrast, above the 90th percentile there were no differences in skinfold thickness and %fat between boys and girls. Studying 42 BMI-matched pairs (boys and girls) also showed that the %fat estimated by BIA (P<0.001) was increased in girls. Plotting the average of %fat as obtained from skinfold- and BAI-measurements against the difference between data obtained by the use of the two methods shows that BIA %fat overestimates skinfold %fat at low or normal percent fat mass (that is, up to 20%) in both genders. By contrast, at increased fat mass, BIA %fat seems to underestimate skinfold %fat in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences in fat mass and fat distribution are obvious in children aged 5-7 y. These differences are independent of gender differences in body weight. However, the nutritional state has an influence and gender differences cannot be detected in overweight and obese children. Our data also suggest that a children-specific formula used to calculate %fat from skinfold measurements is inappropriate.
OBJECTIVE: Studying gender differences in fat mass and distribution in a homogeneous group of children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: 610 children aged 5-7 y in Kiel, Germany. METHODS: Anthropometric measures, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). RESULTS: Although boys had increased body weights (P<0.05), body mass indexes (BMI's) (P<0.001) and waist/hip ratios (WHRs) (P<0.001), the %fat mass as assessed by BIA (P<0.05) was increased in girls. Although the increased BMI in boys was independent of the percentile used, gender differences (that is, lower values for boys than for girls at the same age) in WHR, the sum of four skinfolds and %fat were seen up to the 90th percentile. By contrast, above the 90th percentile there were no differences in skinfold thickness and %fat between boys and girls. Studying 42 BMI-matched pairs (boys and girls) also showed that the %fat estimated by BIA (P<0.001) was increased in girls. Plotting the average of %fat as obtained from skinfold- and BAI-measurements against the difference between data obtained by the use of the two methods shows that BIA %fat overestimates skinfold %fat at low or normal percent fat mass (that is, up to 20%) in both genders. By contrast, at increased fat mass, BIA %fat seems to underestimate skinfold %fat in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences in fat mass and fat distribution are obvious in children aged 5-7 y. These differences are independent of gender differences in body weight. However, the nutritional state has an influence and gender differences cannot be detected in overweight and obesechildren. Our data also suggest that a children-specific formula used to calculate %fat from skinfold measurements is inappropriate.
Authors: C Saldanha-Gomes; B Heude; M-A Charles; B de Lauzon-Guillain; J Botton; S Carles; A Forhan; P Dargent-Molina; S Lioret Journal: Int J Obes (Lond) Date: 2016-08-16 Impact factor: 5.095
Authors: Alexandra Thajer; Gabriele Skacel; Katharina Truschner; Anselm Jorda; Martin Vasek; Brian Horsak; Johanna Strempfl; Alexandra Kautzky-Willer; Franz Kainberger; Susanne Greber-Platzer Journal: Children (Basel) Date: 2021-04-11
Authors: Richard L Guerrant; Alvaro M Leite; Relana Pinkerton; Pedro H Q S Medeiros; Paloma A Cavalcante; Mark DeBoer; Margaret Kosek; Christopher Duggan; Andrew Gewirtz; Jonathan C Kagan; Anna E Gauthier; Jonathan Swann; Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs; David T Bolick; Elizabeth A Maier; Marjorie M Guedes; Sean R Moore; William A Petri; Alexandre Havt; Ila F Lima; Mara de Moura Gondim Prata; Josyf C Michaleckyj; Rebecca J Scharf; Craig Sturgeon; Alessio Fasano; Aldo A M Lima Journal: PLoS One Date: 2016-09-30 Impact factor: 3.240