OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that capillary growth induced by chronic electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle is accompanied by the growth of small arterioles. METHODS: Lower limb flexor muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated by electrodes implanted in the vicinity of the peroneal nerve at 10 Hz for 8 h/d for 2 and 7 days. Cryostat sections from the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) were fluorescently immunolabeled with alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) to identify mature (alpha SMA and MHC-positive) and immature (alpha SMA-positive, MHC-negative) arterioles. The fluorescent derivative of the lectin Griffonia simplicifolia I (GSI) was used to identify all microvessels, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules. RESULTS: The number of vessels positive for GSI or alpha SMA surrounding muscle fibers was similar in all three muscle regions (proximal, middle, distal). The mean values +/- SEM for GSI-positive vessels from all regions were similar in control (4.3 +/- 0.07) and 2-day stimulated (4.7 +/- 0.08) but higher in 7-day stimulated muscles (6.7 +/- 0.1, p < 0.05), thus confirming the previous findings on capillary growth. A similar increase was found in the number of alpha SMA positive vessels < or = 10 microns outer diameter (1.3 +/- 0.09 versus 0.4 +/- 0.03 around muscle fibers in controls). The density of terminal arterioles (< or = 10 microns) was slightly but not significantly higher after 2 days of stimulation (19.5 +/- 4 versus 15.6 +/- 2 profiles/mm2 in control muscles) and significantly higher after 7 days (33 +/- 7). While a similar increase was observed in the density of preterminal arterioles > 10 microns (17 +/- 3 control, 22 +/- 3 at 2 days and 40 +/- 5 at 7 days), the density of MHC-positive vessels muscles stimulated for 7 days was unchanged. Seven-day stimulated muscle also had a fivefold higher density of microvessel profiles < or = 10 microns that were only partially surrounded by alpha SMA. This considerably exceeds the relative increase in the number of capillaries and thus supports the concept of arteriolar growth by transformation from capillaries. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic electrical stimulation results in an early increase in the number of immature (MHG-negative), but not mature (MHC-positive) arterioles, a process that accompanies the increase in capillarization. The great increase in the number of microvessels only partially covered by alpha SMA suggests arteriolization of capillaries as a contributing mechanism in this growth.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that capillary growth induced by chronic electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle is accompanied by the growth of small arterioles. METHODS: Lower limb flexor muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated by electrodes implanted in the vicinity of the peroneal nerve at 10 Hz for 8 h/d for 2 and 7 days. Cryostat sections from the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) were fluorescently immunolabeled with alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) to identify mature (alpha SMA and MHC-positive) and immature (alpha SMA-positive, MHC-negative) arterioles. The fluorescent derivative of the lectin Griffonia simplicifolia I (GSI) was used to identify all microvessels, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules. RESULTS: The number of vessels positive for GSI or alpha SMA surrounding muscle fibers was similar in all three muscle regions (proximal, middle, distal). The mean values +/- SEM for GSI-positive vessels from all regions were similar in control (4.3 +/- 0.07) and 2-day stimulated (4.7 +/- 0.08) but higher in 7-day stimulated muscles (6.7 +/- 0.1, p < 0.05), thus confirming the previous findings on capillary growth. A similar increase was found in the number of alpha SMA positive vessels < or = 10 microns outer diameter (1.3 +/- 0.09 versus 0.4 +/- 0.03 around muscle fibers in controls). The density of terminal arterioles (< or = 10 microns) was slightly but not significantly higher after 2 days of stimulation (19.5 +/- 4 versus 15.6 +/- 2 profiles/mm2 in control muscles) and significantly higher after 7 days (33 +/- 7). While a similar increase was observed in the density of preterminal arterioles > 10 microns (17 +/- 3 control, 22 +/- 3 at 2 days and 40 +/- 5 at 7 days), the density of MHC-positive vessels muscles stimulated for 7 days was unchanged. Seven-day stimulated muscle also had a fivefold higher density of microvessel profiles < or = 10 microns that were only partially surrounded by alpha SMA. This considerably exceeds the relative increase in the number of capillaries and thus supports the concept of arteriolar growth by transformation from capillaries. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic electrical stimulation results in an early increase in the number of immature (MHG-negative), but not mature (MHC-positive) arterioles, a process that accompanies the increase in capillarization. The great increase in the number of microvessels only partially covered by alpha SMA suggests arteriolization of capillaries as a contributing mechanism in this growth.
Authors: Michael C Gibbons; Anshu Singh; Oke Anakwenze; Timothy Cheng; Maxwill Pomerantz; Simon Schenk; Adam J Engler; Samuel R Ward Journal: J Bone Joint Surg Am Date: 2017-02-01 Impact factor: 5.284
Authors: Amanda J LeBlanc; Laxminarayanan Krishnan; Christopher J Sullivan; Stuart K Williams; James B Hoying Journal: Microcirculation Date: 2012-11 Impact factor: 2.628
Authors: Meghan M Nickerson; Caitlin W Burke; Joshua K Meisner; Casey W Shuptrine; Ji Song; Richard J Price Journal: Angiogenesis Date: 2009-09-24 Impact factor: 9.596
Authors: Canxing Xu; Chun Yuan; Edward Stutzman; Gador Canton; Keith A Comess; Kirk W Beach Journal: Ultrasound Med Biol Date: 2015-12-23 Impact factor: 2.998