Prefrontal cortical involvement in phencyclidine-induced activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system: behavioral and neurochemical evidence.

Acute administration of phencyclidine to rats potently activates mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons. The activation of dopamine release and utilization in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens are associated with profound cognitive impairment and hyperlocomotion, respectively. This dopaminergic activation by phencyclidine is not mediated by direct effects on the cell body regions of the dopamine neurons; however, phencyclidine augments dopamine release locally in the terminal fields. In the present study, the possible involvement of the prefrontal cortex in mediating activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system by phencyclidine was examined. Ibotenic acid lesions of the prefrontal cortex attenuated the biochemical activation of the mesolimbic dopamine neurons by PCP, and prefrontal lesions sharply blunted phencyclidine-, but not amphetamine- or novelty-, induced hyperlocomotion. In addition, injection of phencyclidine directly into the prefrontal cortex increased dopamine utilization in the nucleus accumbens and induced hyperlocomotion. In summary, these studies show that phencyclidine activates the mesolimbic pathway through a mechanism in the prefrontal cortex, possibly by disinhibiting the cortical circuit and activating corticofugal glutamatergic release in the ventral tegmental area.