Functional magnetic resonance imaging in macaque cortex.

The ability to use fMRI in a monkey model would bridge the gap between the fMRI demonstration of cerebral activation in humans and the cumulative wealth of monkey data on the functional organization of the brain from single electrode mapping, radioisotope and histology studies. We report a new technique for fMRI in an awake co-operative rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in a conventional clinical 1.5T MR scanner and present the first fMRI images from a macaque. Good resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and BOLD response (2.6-4.6%) have been achieved using the manufacturer's standard volume knee coil. T1 values of macaque gray and white matter (1490 ms, 1010 ms respectively) are higher than human brain, whereas T2 values are lower (55 ms, 48 ms respectively). An MR-compatible design for restraining the monkey is also described, along with a suitable EPI sequence for BOLD images, optimized for monkey T2, with voxel sizes from 29 to 61 microl, and MPRAGE sequence for anatomical studies with 0.8 mm isotropic resolution, optimized for monkey T1.