Localization and processing from a polycistronic precursor of novel snoRNAs in maize.

We have shown previously that groups of U14 snoRNA genes are clustered with other, novel snoRNAs in maize. These genes are transcribed polycistronically from an upstream promoter to give a precursor snoRNA, which is processed by a splicing-independent mechanism. The clusters contain both box C/D snoRNAs, thought to guide rRNA O-ribose methylations, and the first plant box H/ACA snoRNA so far identified, thought to guide an rRNA pseudo-uridylation. Here we show that four novel snoRNAs identified as members of U14-containing gene clusters each show distinct sub-nucleolar localizations. Two of the snoRNAs (snoR2, a box H/ACA snoRNA, and snoR3, a box C/D snoRNA) colocalise closely with nucleolar rDNA transcription sites. A third box C/D snoRNA, U49, is localised to a more extended region which includes the transcription sites. On the other hand snoR1, another box C/D snoRNA, is located in a quite different region of the nucleolus, and shows a similar distribution to that of 7-2/MRP, a snoRNA involved in the later pre-rRNA cleavage reactions. This may indicate that this snoRNA is involved at later stages of processing, whereas the other snoRNAs are involved early or cotranscriptionally. Probes to intergenic spacer regions of the precursor snoRNA have been used to determine the location of the precursor. This shows a clear labelling of both the dense fibrillar component of the nucleolus, and of coiled bodies. This distribution implies that the polycistronic precursor is imported into the nucleolus for processing to the mature snoRNAs, and that the import or processing pathway involves coiled bodies.